Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy that causes high blood pressure and protein in the urine. Other symptoms include sudden weight gain, headaches, abdominal pain, and vision changes.
Preeclampsia can harm both the mother and the fetus, and those with preeclampsia should see a health care provider.
Continue reading to learn more about preeclampsia, including its risk factors, symptoms, and treatment.
What Is Preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a severe blood pressure condition that develops in pregnant women. By definition, it typically occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and most often in the later third trimester of pregnancy.
High blood pressure (hypertension) and high protein levels in urine (proteinuria) are common in women with preeclampsia. Preeclampsia can harm both the mother and the developing baby, and it is important to be treated by a healthcare provider. The condition affects about 5-8% of pregnancies.
Preeclampsia Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. Although, experts believe it may be caused by problems with the placenta, which provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. When the blood vessels in the placenta do not develop properly or become damaged, it can lead to preeclampsia.
Certain factors can increase a woman’s risk of preeclampsia, including:
- Chronic high blood pressure or kidney disease
- Obesity
- Age (under 20 or over 40)
- Multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.)
- Diabetes or other autoimmune disorders
- Family history of preeclampsia or having preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) or other assisted reproductive technologies
- Those who have a history of migraines, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus
Understanding potential pregnancy complications and conditions is essential to keeping you and your baby safe during pregnancy. Learn about gestational diabetes and our 3-hour glucose testing services here.
Preeclampsia Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of preeclampsia vary from person to person. While most people only experience mild symptoms, managing preeclampsia is vital to prevent severe symptoms from developing.
Typically, the earlier preeclampsia develops, the stronger the symptoms. Some women with preeclampsia may not experience symptoms, so regular prenatal checkups and monitoring are crucial in detecting and managing the condition early. If symptoms do occur, you should call your obstetrician.
Common signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Proteinuria (presence of protein in urine)
- Swelling in the hands, feet, and face
- Sudden weight gain
- Severe headaches that don’t improve with normal treatment (Tylenol, etc.)
- Changes in vision, such as blurred vision, flashing lights, or temporary vision loss
- Upper abdominal pain, usually under the ribs on the right side
- Persistent nausea and vomiting
- Increased shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
How is Preeclampsia Diagnosed and Treated?
During routine prenatal healthcare visits, your healthcare provider will monitor your blood pressure to check for signs of high blood pressure. A urine sample may also be tested to see if it contains protein, and other diagnostic tests may include blood tests to measure liver and kidney function. If preeclampsia is diagnosed, you can often return home, although you will need to attend regular follow-up visits so your healthcare provider can closely monitor you.
Mild cases can be managed with close monitoring. In more severe cases, blood pressure medications, magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures, hospital admission, or early delivery of the baby may be necessary.
While treatment for preeclampsia aims to manage symptoms, the only cure for preeclampsia is delivering the baby. In most cases of preeclampsia, delivery is recommended at 37 weeks if it’s diagnosed before then. Although, early delivery may be required in more severe cases. Early delivery carries risks, so healthcare providers may need to balance the risks of preeclampsia against the dangers of premature delivery. If preeclampsia is diagnosed after 37 weeks, delivery will be required at diagnosis.
Importance of Early Detection and Treatment
Early detection and treatment of preeclampsia are crucial in preventing severe complications for the mother and baby. With the appropriate treatment, many women with preeclampsia can safely carry their pregnancies to term, which is considered 37 weeks gestation.
If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to a range of complications, including:
- Eclampsia (seizures)
- Liver or kidney failure
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Preterm birth
- Low birth weight
- Placental Abruption (separation of the placenta from the uterus)
- Stillbirth
Although it is rare, mothers who go untreated for preeclampsia are at risk of eclampsia, an onset of seizures or convulsions. Eclampsia can occur during pregnancy, labor, or postpartum. While the exact cause of eclampsia isn’t fully understood, it is believed to be correlated to high blood pressure and reduced blood flow to the brain. In addition to seizures, symptoms of eclampsia may include:
- Loss of consciousness
- Severe headaches
- Blurred vision
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea and vomiting
Treatment for eclampsia may include blood pressure, magnesium sulfate infusion, and seizure medications and early delivery of the baby. Prevention of eclampsia involves early detection and management of preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy occur in 5-8% of all pregnancies. Attending all scheduled prenatal appointments and reporting any symptoms or concerns to your healthcare provider is key to early detection and treatment.
Postpartum Preeclampsia
Postpartum preeclampsia is a rare condition that can occur in women who have recently given birth, even if they did not experience preeclampsia during pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine after childbirth. Postpartum preeclampsia typically develops within two days after birth but can sometimes develop up to six weeks after delivery.
Women who have recently given birth should be aware of the signs and symptoms of postpartum preeclampsia and report any concerns to their doctor. Symptoms of postpartum preeclampsia include:
- High blood pressure
- Protein in the urine
- Severe headaches
- Vision changes
- Abdominal pain
- Swelling of the hands and face
- Shortness of breath
- Decreased urination
Postpartum preeclampsia is a serious condition and requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves medications to lower blood pressure and prevent further complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Preeclampsia Prevention
There is no guaranteed way to prevent preeclampsia; women who take prevention methods may still develop the condition during pregnancy. However, several lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of developing the condition:
- Attend prenatal care appointments: Regular prenatal check-ups can help with early detection and management of preeclampsia.
- Eat a healthy diet: Eat a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Reduce your salt intake, don’t consume alcohol and limit caffeine, and avoid fried foods and junk food.
- Stay hydrated: Ensure you drink enough water throughout the day.
- Get regular exercise: Moderate exercise during pregnancy can help improve circulation and help you sleep better.
- Elevate feet: Finding time to relax and elevate your feet multiple times throughout the day can help increase circulation and decrease swelling.
A Trusted Partner in Your Pregnancy Journey
Moreland OB-GYN is your trusted partner from your first office visit to delivery and beyond. Our caring obstetricians and providers are here to answer any questions you have regarding your baby’s health and your overall health and well-being as a mother.
Early detection and treatment of preeclampsia are crucial in preventing serious complications, such as eclampsia, liver or kidney failure, and preterm birth. Attending all prenatal appointments and reporting any symptoms or concerns to your Moreland healthcare provider is vital to keeping you and your baby healthy. If symptoms occur, please seek immediate medical attention.
If you have any questions or concerns about preeclampsia during pregnancy, don’t hesitate to ask your Moreland OB-GYN healthcare provider. Schedule a visit today.
